Living off-the-grid

Hey everyone!

Rekka wrote a guide on living off-the-grid for Noonsite, we thought we'd share it here too! 

Enjoy,
Rek & Dev

Living off-grid

People chose to live off-grid for self-sufficience, resilience, or  ecological reasons. For us, to live off-grid, is most of all letting go  of the numbing culture of convenience. When anchored in a foreign  country, far from everything and everyone, you depend on your own self,  your vessel and what’s on it. When something breaks, it falls onto you  to fix it. Electricity becomes a finite resource, limited to the amount  of solar panels on deck, and to the size of your battery bank.

This way of life is not necessarily restrictive, you might find that  learning to live in communion with your vessel offers a peace of mind  previous unimaginable. My partner and I, purchased our sailboat in 2016  with plans to rely on the grid as little as possible. During the  following 4 years, we circumnavigated the Pacific, we did made some  mistakes along the way, but we learned a lot.

Maslow’s pyramid of needs positions as most basic, or most crucial,  physiological needs, like water, food, warmth and rest, followed closely  with security and safety. Meeting these basic needs, while living  aboard a sailboat, takes but some planning and time.

Water

It’s easy to forget that water is not inexhaustible when it flows so  readily by the turn of the tap. Living on a boat, you develop a deeper  connection to this precious resource. Depending on where you go, you’ll  have to treat it, catch it, carry it or pay for it.

On average, each person living on land uses a shocking 300 to 400  liters of water per day for indoor home use. The amount is surprising,  considering that basic needs are covered with a mere 10 liters of water a  day per person. A person needs between 2.7 and 3.7 liters of drinking  water each day. When anchored near a port, once a week, we would ferry  four bins of 10 liters from shore to the boat. When it rained, we’d  collect water trickling down from our aft solar panels into a 20 liter  bucket. At sea, we’d catch the water sliding from our mainsail. We  collected this extra water for showers, laundry and washing dishes. To  conserve water, our sink faucet is operated with a foot pump, where each  push draws out 60 ml of water, allowing us to measure our usage.

On passages, we carried 6 extra Jerrycans of water, enough to sustain  two people for a few more weeks than the length of our trip. We crossed  paths with a boat who had an incident with their main freshwater  supply. Five hundred miles away from shore, they found salt water in  their one and only freshwater tank. The crew had to drink the water from  coconuts for 5 days. Having separate bins makes for a more resilient  system, if salt gets into one tank, it won’t corrupt the entirety of  your supplies. A sure way of preventing contamination, is to check all  o-rings and tanks for leaks before leaving.

We chose not to have a desalinator aboard Pino, and have managed well  without it. It’s a device that is expensive, high maintenance and  power-hungry. It might be something to consider if your wallet and  battery bank can handle it. Water generated from reverse osmosis lacks  essential minerals needed for good health, like calcium and magnesium.  If you consider a desalinator, it’s necessary to re-mineralize the water.

Rain catchment, as I mentioned earlier, is a good way to top-up your  tanks. Some sailors set up tarps to catch and lead the water into  Jerrycans, others have the water flow directly into their main tank — I  don’t recommend doing that unless you’ve got a good filtration system.  While the rain itself might be safe to drink, it carries dirt or  whatever may be on your tarp, or deck. And depending on where you are,  the rain may have environmental pollutants mixed in. For these reasons, I  recommend using rainwater for purposes other than drinking and cooking.  If you are to drink it, it’s important to boil it first for at least 1  minute, or to run it through a good two-step filtration system.

Even if you don’t plan on drinking it, it’s a good idea to treat the  water you catch. The easiest way to do this is to add chlorine bleach to  your supply. This is something we’ve done, and continue to do. The  suggested ratio of chlorine to water is 2 drops bleach for 1.15 liters.  The above ratios are for bleach containing 5.25% Sodium Hypochlorite.  This amount depends on the concentration, the ratios will be different  for 5.25% than for 8% chlorine bleach (1 drop: 1.15 l). Only use  regular, unscented chlorine bleach products that are suitable for  disinfection and sanitization, as indicated on the label. A good way to  remember these ratios, is this saying:

“You must be 21 to drink”

2 drops bleach per 1 liter (quart) water, easy to remember. Note that 1 quart is slightly less than 1 liter.

Power

To know how many solar panels we needed, we made a list of our  indispensable electric systems and their energy requirements, that  included lighting, appliances, laptops and more. We looked up their  power usage in watts, for example, my old Macbook Pro draws 60w, if I  were to use it for 6h, it would draw roughly 360w a day. Adding up the  wattage gave us a rough estimate of our daily use.

Of course, the energy coming from solar panels fluctuate based on the  angle of the sun, the cloud coverage and other obstructions. Our own  power usage aboard can also vary a lot in a week, depending on what we  choose to do each day. While on passages, our capability to capture  sunlight is reduced to keep our windage low, but our energy consumption  is equally reduced for not much else is drawing power other than our  navigation electronics like the AIS, the wind meter, and at night, the  lights.

An anchored board will orbit its anchor according to the wind, and  rarely stays in the same spot and so it is difficult to position panels  to guarantee an optimal draw. We’ve had many cloudless days with the  mast casting a shadow covering a large part of our panels. On moments  such as this, or cloudy days, we adapt by using our appliances less. We  live according to the weather.

Instead of scaling our battery banks to our needs, we chose to adapt  our needs to the available space for batteries and surface for panels.  It’s also important to consider that more solar panels often mean more  windage.

Having a complex system exposed to a harsh environment like the sea,  creates opportunities for things to break. Saltwater corrosion is a very  real threat. Nowadays, many electronics, or ‘smart’ systems, use  proprietary parts, making them difficult to repair. We’ve encountered  many boats, stuck in port for weeks and weeks, waiting for parts to  arrive. An over-reliance on convenience products may bind you to  services on land, in a way that you may not want.

Aboard Pino, we carry a small portable generator as a backup to our  solar. Our Honda’s 1,000-watt generator is compact, fuel-efficient,  lightweight, and can run for 7.1 hours on 2.7 liters (0.6 gal) of gas.  We also have our engine’s alternator, which we use to charge up  batteries. We consider these options as backups, as redundancy to our  main source of power, solar.

Cooking

Not having the convenience of having access to a supermarket can be a  problem, especially when you’ve run out of flour, or cooking oil. We  picked up the habit of buying food in large quantities, stocking plenty  of dry goods and shelf-stable products. Lacking a refrigerator, dry  goods are especially important. When sailing to far-away places, we  stock many types of whole grains (buckwheat, whole wheat, cornmeal,  oats). Different grains offer different nutritional profiles, and meal  options.

We buy flour in bulk, and keep it in separate jars (each  accommodating a 2 kg bag). Keeping some types of flour separate helps to  avoid problems, like weevils. If one batch is contaminated, the other  might be fine.

In a store, if we see something that we like, we buy a lot of it.  Depending on where we are, there is a chance that they won’t have it  again the next day. In a small shop in Tonga, we came across a few packs  of Tetra-pak tofu. There were five packs on the shelf, we bought three.  We could have purchased all five, but felt rather greedy. The next day  they were gone, and we never saw any more on the shelves again. The same  thing happened in a shop in Rarotonga. One day there were bags of dried  dates, the next, all gone!

For cooking, we carry two tanks of propane. Our main tank is 9 kg (20  lbs) and lasts us for up to 4 months, and our second smaller backup  tank is 5 kg and ideal for when our main tank unexpectedly runs out.

No Fridge

Refrigeration is a modern convenience we choose to do without, we  prefer to limit the use of energy-guzzling devices and to educate  ourselves on proper storage of ingredients. We try as much as possible  to pick produce without defects or bruises, and that have not previously  been refrigerated.

We look at our inventory of fresh foods daily, and eat items with a  shorter shelf life first, like fresh herbs and greens. Then, we move on  to tomatoes, eggplants, and onto carrots and beets. In the end, we’re  usually left with onions, garlic, cabbage, potatoes and pumpkins.  Potatoes and onions will last months if kept in a dark dry place, and  some fruit will last a while if wrapped in towels, foil or newspapers.  Most condiments like vinegar, soy sauce, mustard and peanut butter do  well in cupboards. Molasses, maple syrup and jam will also keep for many  weeks.

Relying solely on the selection of local and seasonal produce from  farmer’s markets makes us discover new ingredients, while it encourages  local vendors, and cuts down on emissions from transport. Alternatively,  making preserves and pickles allows us to enjoy some foods out of their  season. In New Zealand, a friend once gave us feijoas that we processed into chutney which we had the following season.

Waste

Waste is always a tricky topic for boaters, because it’s something  you’ve got to deal with. Keeping surrounding waters clean and free of  contaminants is important. The primary environmental concern with sewage  is not the urine, which is sterile, but feces which contain bacteria,  pathogens, and nutrients, and should not go overboard. The septic tank  may only be emptied, from at least, 3 miles from shore.

Pump-out stations will help you get rid of waste, but are only  available near a handful of cities. Composting toilets might be a good  option for those who do not want to haul anchor and head offshore to  flush their tank.

Having a composting head aboard frees up much-needed space. It also  means no holding tank to empty, no smelly hoses to unclog, and little to  no maintenance. You can build your own composting head or buy one of  the many models on the market.

Most models have a urine diverter, separating the liquids from the  solids to ensure contamination-free composting. Some models also have  fans, to help the solids dry out and remove odors. In composting heads,  urine accounts for ~85% of the waste volume in tanks. Having a diverter  is great because it increases capacity for solids, which means not  having to empty the tank as often. The ideal medium for processing your  waste into compost depends on how you plan on using your toilet and vary  between sawdust or peat moss. C-head wrote a very good article on the subject.

Assuming the boat is your only home, disposing of the waste requires a  bit of planning. If near a city, partnering with someone on land with  composting facilities is ideal, but otherwise, bringing the solids to  the trash in composting bags is the next best thing. When full, it’s  possible to empty jugs of urine into public toilets. If there are no  facilities nearby, capping it off to dispose of later, and replacing the  jug is a good option.

Conclusion

Over the years, we’ve rid our boat of many electric systems, like  water pressure, which we replaced with a simple foot pump, the water  heater we replaced by just heating water on the stove, and our refrigeration unit… we decided to not replace  with anything.

There are “analog” alternatives to every part we removed. Without  these, we keep our power consumption low, reducing our need for extra  solar, keeping our costs down and reducing the amount of things that can  break, or fail.

Aiming to reduce our footprint, by learning to live according to the  sun and the wind has been an excellent exercise toward mindfulness,  something we much needed to better navigate today’s attention economy.

It’s a good way to live, and we hope that when you make the leap, that you too will agree.